2.
   2022
/   
 
( )
 : 3     :75
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1. ()                 
()            
2. ()             
()      
 -
3. ()          ,   
()          ?
4.         Windows NT    -
  ?
2.
 -
5.     :
(a)   
()  
6.                  
-
7.    
      ?        
        ?
8. ()          ?
()            
2.
   2022
/   
 
( )
 : 3     :75
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1. ()                 
()            
:()    
    ?
      
         
       ,      
   
   
             ,   
         -       ' 
 :
 
    ,          
 
  ,      
 
  ,        
   ,       
2.
   
 ?
         
  
 :
      
  
    
   '     
 
     
   
 
   -   
 ,     '  
      
    '        :
1.     (  )
               
  
  
   
  
               
            
 
     ?
 
 
   (LAN)
 :
 
   
2.

 :
 
       
     


          -    
 -   
 
              
            
 
 
 :
 
 
 
 :
    
   
 
 :
   
   
      ,     ,    
   
             , 
      
         
2.
   
?

               
 :
  
  
-  
   
 :
 
   
   
      , ,     
,  -     '    

2.     (  )
      
   ,    
    
   
       
  
              
    :
 

 
 :
2.
 
   
 
 :
     
 
      -          
 
 -            
    
    :
  
 
 
 :
 
 
 :
  - 
 
  
        -         
  
   
     '       

  :
2.
  
 
-  
             

   
        ,       
    '   

            
()           
            
 
  (LOS)
" "               
""     
  
       
   
  '       '     
      ,     
,    
      
 :
 
- 
 
  
   :
      
    
2.
    ,     
       -       
      
     :
      
      
      
   ,         -    
 
   
            
                  
    ,  
 ,        
 

                
   
    ?
   :
1.  
     
2.          
3.       
    '      -      
      (  )
- :            
  
2.
      :       
       
      
     
   
 
-      
 
GPS     
     
  ,  ,   ,   
  
 
      
      
      
 ,      

            
  
               
     ,      
  
 
           
 ,   
 
            -   
   
,  
   ,    ,      , 
GPS     ,            
     
2.
2. ()             
()      
:(a)            
         
      
   :    ,    ,    
    ,    
     ,
        -         
 ,                  
""  
 :           
      :
o HTTP/HTTPS:     
o :    
o /:    ,      
         
o :   
   
        ,      
  
   ""    
,        '   ?       
  (NIC) 
 
    (NIC):NIC     ""  
   (    )       
           ( )  
(-) 
    NIC  ,    '  
  
 
 ,   ,  NIC       
    ,
     ,         

()     
   (OS)           
,  
 ,        -   
   '            
      :
2.
1.   
o      
o  ()         
        
o : 1960    IBM 
2.  -  
o            
o   CPU  " "  ,     
         
o : UNIX 
3.    
o               
   
o             
o :  ,   
4. -    (RTOS)
o             
o  , ,        
o : VxWorks, QNX
5. -  
o             
o : , 
6. -  
o        
o : , 
7.    
o        
o : , 
  
   
...          
       
       
,               
 
 
   
     
         
  
WhatsApp   ,     ,    
  ,  , NIC,         
     
2.

      '        
 
 , NIC     ,        
     ,   ,    -

 
 -
3. ()          ,   
()          ?
:   
            
,   
 ,     '      
      
   ?   ,   
           ,    
   
     ,          
           ,    ,    
 ,            , 
   (MIS)      '   
        
(a)          
     ?
    (MIS)          
     ,   ,      
  , MIS              
,    ,        ,   MIS - 
    ,      ,     

  (     )
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔            '  
    
MIS  
?
     :
      
   ?
 
     
    
 - !
MIS               

MIS    :
󷄧󼿒     
󷄧󼿒     
 
󷄧󼿒 
 
󷄧󼿒    
󷄧󼿒  
 
󷄧󼿒        
,    - , , , -  - MIS ' 
   
MIS  
MIS    ,   ,       

           
1.
    - ,  ,  ,  
: “  500    
2.  
2.
      , , , 
  , MIS  
 
3.  
              
   
   ,  ,      
4.
MIS      
   :

 

 

           

5.  
        ,        
  
 :
     
      
        
MIS    ? (--  )
      
      
 1:    
2.
      ,       :
  


  
   
 2: 
MIS       :
       
      
  
      
 3:   
                

 ,              
 
 4:     
      :
  
 
  
             
 5: 
MIS    ',      :
 
   
      
2.
 , MIS   '      
  MIS    
        :
 -     
  -  '    
 -   
 -     

 -      
-   
     
 
   :
     
      
    
       
   MIS         
  ,     
()        
  
MIS  ,      -      ?
     
         
        (SDLC)   

       - 
   
     
   
    
2.
1.   (     )
       :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔
        ?
           
:
        
    -   
   MIS      
 :
  
  
     
      
      
2.  
           
      :
    ?
    ?
   ?
   ?
             
          '  
3.   
   
  - 
  
2.
   :
   
   
     
    
         
     
      - 
4.   (  )
      
       ,  
 ,  
  
        
   ,          
5. 
    ,        

?

           
 :
   ?
     ?
   ?
     ?
          
 :      
 
2.
6.  
      ,       
        ,      
  
               
 
 
        
       
7. -    
      

   ,     ,       
,    '     
-   :
  
  
   
 
    
        

              
            MIS  , 
,       

   MIS    
    ,  
,   ,        ,   
     
       ,    
    
              
, , ,    -  -     

 
2.
        ,    MIS    
           
  
   ,      ,      
     :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔MIS  
    ,      

       
  
        '     
       ,      
  
4.         Windows NT    -
  ?
:    (NOS)   
                
, ,              ,
              
       ,        ,  
         
        :
1.    
o , ,           
o        ,    
     
2.  
o       ,    
  
o   
        
 
3.     
o NOS  ,  ,    
   
o     
      
     
4.  
o    '  ,      
2.
o     ,        
5. 
o -   ,         
     
6. 
o       ,        
 NOS 
     
 ,          -   
       
Windows NT    
  Windows NT  ,   Microsoft       
  NT    "
"  1990    Windows   
  ,           
, Windows NT -       ,       
   :
1.     (HAL)
o   (CPU, , )     
  
o  Windows NT     -    '
    
2. 
o     "" 
o  ,        
o   
            
   
3.      
o      -   :
 :     
 :      
I/O :, ,    / 
  
   :    
4.    
o      OS       
 
o  ,    Windows NT      
 
5.  
o          
2.
o   -    :
Win32 :  
 
POSIX :UNIX      
OS/2 : OS/2      
6.   
o Windows NT  NTFS (
  )  ,   FAT 
       
o NTFS  , ,      
   
7.   
o Windows NT       
o       ,     
 
8.  
o 
 Windows NT       ,  
-     
o  LAN (   )         
    
 
   
NOS  Windows NT    
      

     Windows Server, Linux,       '
  
NOS            
Windows NT   ,       Windows   
  

:
        ,    
 '      ,       

        HAL, , 
,  , -, NTFS,      
  ,   
          
          
    , 
,    ,            
         
2.
 -
5.     :
(a)   
()  
:   
            
   , ,          

  ,     ,      
 ,  

               
               
          ,   

   
  ,        
            
(a)   
               
      ,          

-      ,     -  
     ,  -       
      ,    ,   ,
   ,     '      
         ,    
  ,  
     '   
   :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔             
 ,    ,         
 
   
        
       -   :
2.
1.       
           ,   
  ,        
   ,     ,    
 
2.     
        :
:       
:       
:     
 ,  
 '      ,      ,
     ,    
     
3.  
            
    ,          
   
4. 
              '
   
   ,     
        
5.   
   ,          
    

    -    
          :
 :
 ,  ,          

  ,  
 ,      ,      
     
   :
            , 
  ,      
2.
  :
        ,   
 ,     ,     '   
 
     
    :
  -     
 :       
  :    
 :       
 
    
        :
 :          
 :         
   '  :      
 
 ?
    ,       '     
,    ,        , 
     
    ,      
()  
      -  -  
 
       -     '   
?         
   ?   
          
   :
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔              
             
""      :


      
   
            
  -   (0s  1s) ,      
     ,    
 ,   
   
             
  
    '   ,        
   
                   -
      !
    ?
      :
 1:  

         
 2:  ( )
       
 3:  
   ,  ,    
  
 4: 
      
 5: -  ()
               
 
2.
  ,     !
    
1.  - 
                 
          ,     

2. DSL  
DSL (  )           
   
3.   
               -
   
4.   
              
 '   
    
    :  ,     

  :        
 :      
     :   ,     
-     
 
   '   :   
  :         
   :          
  
 ?
2.
 ,  ,  ,        
      
       
         -     
       
 

                
      
       
 ,            
  ,  ,         

 ,          '   
  
-  ,           ""  
  
 
   ,            
    ,            
  
 -      
  ,          : 
       -        

   ,            
  
6.                  
:       
               
             
,   -     ,     
,          ,    
    
           -     ,
                
 
2.
  :           
            
      ()    
 :  , - ,     
     ""    
  :    MySQL, Oracle , Microsoft SQL ,
 PostgreSQL  
       
1.   : ,       
2.    :     ,   " 80     
 "
3.   :  
          
   
4.   :      
 
5. - :           
    
 ,   ,            - 
 
    ,     
   (NOS) 
            
100 
         '  ,      
   NOS           ,
  
        ,      
  
  :            ,
,            
  : , - ,   
 OS   
1.   
o ,     '    
o             
o :   ,  NOS  
   
 
2.     
o NOS         
2.
o    
         
   
o :         
 ,        
3.     
o         
o       ,    '    
4.    
o NOS    '  ,      
 
o : -         

5. 
o -   ,          

o NOS          

 
6.   
o             
o    '   '       ,
     ,       
    NOS      
  ,         
       
NOS    
          
    
 ,   :
        
NOS        ,   
   
          

:
        -     ,
    
2.
          -     
    ,   
        
    
  ,            
    ,   NOS     
     
         
   , , ,           
 
 
-
7.    
      ?        
        ?
:        -      
     ""  ,     ,   , 
,  ,    ,        
 ?      -         
    
       ,      
,           ,     
                
   ,  
  --    
   
󷇳      ?
 
     
  ,         
          , , ,  , , 
    
      -  , "    "    
        
 :
 
 '   ,       
       
      
2.
            
             !
         ?         ?
 
󹷂󹷃󹷄󹷅󹷆󹷇󹷈󹷋󹷉󹷊   
  ?
      
    
 -  
          
1.       
      ,         
  
    :
   
  
   
             -  
  ,    '        
2. IP  -   
            IP  ( 
)   
        ,       IP       
    
IP   :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔192.168.1.1
           
     :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔www.google.com
2.
DNS (  )        IP    
3.     (ISP)  

ISP     
 
            
         
 
  Wi-Fi         ,    
   ISP      ISP      
4.  -     
          ,       


                 
 
               
     ,      
    -
       
5.    
    '  :
     
      
        
  ,        ,  ,  
,  ?
2.
󹳾󹳿󹴀󹴁󹴂󹴃         
    
      
 
   
󷄧󼿒1.     
   
   :
 



  ,   
 
󷄧󼿒2.      (NIC)
           
 NIC              
  :
  (  )
- ( )
    NICs   
󷄧󼿒3.  
       
              
  
    -       
""     :
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 + 
  ,    

󷄧󼿒4.  
            
 ,   :
 
 
 
   
  
   
        
󷄧󼿒5.  
    '       
               
     
  ,    '        
󷄧󼿒6.   
   
   
   
   :
  
   ( )
 
 
  
2.
-

 
  
       ,         
 !
󼩏󼩐󼩑         
   
        
      
󷄧󼿒1.  
  (OS)            
:




OS  ,     
 
󷄧󼿒2.   
            
   :
TCP (   )
        
        
IP ( )
     
  ,  TCP/IP 
 ,     

2.
         -   ,   
󷄧󼿒3.   
             
   :




 
      ,         
 
󷄧󼿒4.   
            
   
      :
SMTP (  )
POP/IMAP (   )
󷄧󼿒5.      
          
 FTP (  )       
  
         
󷄧󼿒6.   
 '      
2.
    :
 

 
          
󽇐    
?
      
 
   :
    
-   
  
  
   
   '   ,   -  ,  
       
             
󹶆󹶚󹶈󹶉
  
      
   
           , , NIC,
      
   ,  ,   
     
    ,      
  
  -                
  -    ,      

                 
   
              
        
 ,     
 -         
 ,     
2.
8. ()          ?
()            
:(a)        
   (SysAdmin)           
  ,           ,  
  ,           
       
          :
1.  
o      
o , ,     
o :    , SysAdmin   
  
         
2.  - 
o ,      
o              
o :         '
 
3.  
o  , LAN    
o      
o :           
     
4. 
o ,         
o     
o :        
5.   
o     
o         
o :        
6.   
o        
o :            

7.   
o   ,  ,        
o           
2.
 ,               
  
  
()       ()    
   (DTP)       
  ,  ,
        
     
     ' ,       
  
   -     :
1.   
o 
, ,      
o :          
2.   
o DTP  ,         
o :       
3.   
o 
-     ,     , 
      
o :       -   
4.    
o    
 
o :        
5.    
o DTP          
o :     '     
6.   
o 
          
o :      50     

7.    
o   -      (, -
)    
o :        PDF   
 
8.  -  
o             

o :         
   
2.
 DTP   Adobe InDesign, CorelDRAW, Microsoft Publisher, 
QuarkXPress  
    
     
          
  
            
 
 ,   :
        
    
 
   ,       DTP
    

:
   ,  , ,  
-     
          , 
    -        
  ,       
 :      , 
            
                
  
"                 
 
          ,         
 "